Introduction
Brazil currently has more than 30,000 kilometers of railroads within its borders [1]. These railroads are responsible for transporting people and materials along their entire length. In this regard, from an engineering perspective, railroads and railcar trainsets can be the subject of studies across various disciplines. Consequently, a company wished to conduct a study of one of its rail car bogies and requested that Kot Engenharia an analysis of a rail car bogie cross member.
The bogie model in question is called “Three-Piece” and consists of two side frames and a center cross-member. Among the main functions of this bogie are guiding the vehicle through curves and distributing the vertical loads from the car body to the wheels. Figure 1 is a photograph of the bogie under analysis.
![Figure 1: Photograph of the railroad switch. [2]](https://kotengenharia.com.br/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Kot_Fotografia-do-truque-ferroviario-1.jpg)
Figure 1: Photograph of the railroad switch. [2]
Due to cyclic loading on the central crossbeam, cracks often appear in the internal ribs and at the “spindle center.” In this context, the scope of the service provided by Kot aimed to conduct simulations to define criteria for scrapping the bogie crossbeams, as well as to propose structural modifications focused on extending the component’s service life and, consequently, reducing the risk of failure. Read this article to learn more about the company’s work!
Development
Primeiramente, o início das atividades foi dado pela realização de as-built da travessa. Posteriormente, a partir das informações coletadas, foi possível executar o modelamento tridimensional da geometria do objeto. Além disso, o modelo 3D foi ajustado para a remoção de detalhes desnecessários para as análises e foi gerada uma malha para análise em elementos finitos, por meio de software específico. A Figura 2 ilustra essa etapa do processo.
![Figure 2: Finite element model of the crossbeam. [2]](https://kotengenharia.com.br/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Kot_Modelo-em-elementos-finitos-1.png)
Figure 2: Finite element model of the crossbeam. [2]
Prior to Kot’s study, the company installed strain gauges on the cross member andside frame of the car bogie. Data was collected over the course of five trips along the railway route. Thus, based on the data obtained from strain gauges, it was possible to determine the deformations caused by the vertical loads acting at the center of the sleeper.
One of Kot’s staff members visited the company’s workshop to gain a better understanding of the cracks in the crossbeams, learn about the repair process, and document defects in crossbeams that were either being repaired or scrapped.
According to the information gathered during the visit, the main areas where cracks appear are the internal ribs and the center of the spindle, as shown in Figure 3.
![Figure 3: Sections of the crossbeam with the highest incidence of cracks. [2]](https://kotengenharia.com.br/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Kot_Partes-da-travessa-1.jpg)
Figure 3: Sections of the crossbeam with the highest incidence of cracks. [2]
The computational simulation plan used in the crack propagation analysis is presented in a flowchart showing some of the steps followed in Figure 4.
![Figure 4: Flowchart of the sleeper analysis procedure. [2]](https://kotengenharia.com.br/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Kot_Fluxograma-do-procedimento-1.png)
Figure 4: Flowchart of the sleeper analysis procedure. [2]
Once the analysis assumptions—such as loading conditions, crack types, and propagation scenarios to be evaluated, as well as the boundary conditions of the computational model—had been defined, the simulations were run. Figure 5 shows one of the results obtained during the static analysis of the crossbeam. Figure 6 illustrates the results obtained for some of the crack propagation simulation scenarios considered.
![Figure 5: Results of the static analysis of the crossbeam. [2]](https://kotengenharia.com.br/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Kot_Resultado-da-analise-estatica-1.png)
Figure 5: Results of the static analysis of the crossbeam. [2]
![Figure 6: Evolution of crack length for some of the scenarios considered as a function of fatigue life. [2]](https://kotengenharia.com.br/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Kot_Evolucao-do-comprimento-1.png)
Figure 6: Evolution of crack length for some of the scenarios considered as a function of fatigue life. [2]
Finally, after completing all simulations and analyzing the results, it was determined that geometric modifications to the current crossbeams were not feasible due to restricted access to the interior of the crossbeams where the internal ribs are located. Consequently, the proposed modifications pertained to the design of new crossbeams to be purchased by the company. In addition, one of the suggested modifications to the object’s geometry can be seen in Figure 7.
![Figure 7: Proposed geometric modifications for new crossbeams. [2]](https://kotengenharia.com.br/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Kot_Modificacoes-geometricas-1.png)
Figure 7: Proposed geometric modifications for new crossbeams. [2]
The simulations were rerun taking into account the proposed changes, and one of the results is shown in Figure 8.
![Figure 8: Results of the static analysis of the modified crossbeam. [2]](https://kotengenharia.com.br/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Kot_Resultado-da-analise-estatica-na-travessa-modificada-1.png)
Figure 8: Results of the static analysis of the modified crossbeam. [2]
Conclusion
Elastic Linear Fracture Mechanics (ELFM) is a fatigue life assessment methodology based on the principle that every component inevitably contains imperfections and defects, whether due to the manufacturing process or the operating conditions under which it is used. As such, it represents an advance over traditional fatigue analysis methods, which do not account for the effects of cracks in the material. In fact, these analyses are complex and challenging; however, upon completing a study, it is possible to obtain satisfactory results and, consequently, unique solutions for each analysis case.
Finally, Kot has a team of qualified professionals who can assess a wide range of needs and work with the client to find the best solution to their problem. Contact our team for more information!
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FAQ
1. Qual é a função da travessa central em um truque ferroviário do tipo “Três Peças”?
O truque do tipo “Três Peças” é composto por duas estruturas集 laterais e uma travessa central. As principais funções da travessa são permitir a correta inscrição do veículo em curvas e realizar a distribuição das cargas verticais provenientes da caixa do vagão para os eixos e rodas.
2. Quais eram os problemas enfrentados nas travessas e qual o objetivo do estudo?
Devido aos carregamentos cíclicos da operação ferroviária, era comum o aparecimento de trincas nas nervuras internas e no “centro de pião” da travessa. O objetivo do estudo foi realizar simulações computacionais para estabelecer critérios claros de sucateamento das peças em uso e propor alterações geométricas visando aumentar a vida útil e reduzir o risco de fratura do componente.
3. Como foram obtidos os dados de carregamento para calibrar as simulações?
A calibração do modelo computacional utilizou dados de extensometria (com strain gauges) instalados na travessa e na lateral (side frame) do truque. A aquisição de dados ocorreu ao longo de cinco viagens no trajeto da ferrovia, mapeando as deformações e determinando as cargas verticais reais atuantes no centro de pião.
4. De que forma a inspeção na oficina contribuiu para o projeto?
A visita técnica à oficina permitiu analisar o histórico de falhas, acompanhar o processo de recuperação das peças e registrar o estado das travessas descartadas ou prontas para reparo. Isso confirmou visualmente que os pontos mais críticos de concentração de trincas eram, de fato, as nervuras internas e a região do centro de pião.
5. O que é a Mecânica da Fratura Linear Elástica (MFLE) e por que ela foi utilizada?
A MFLE é uma metodologia avançada de avaliação de vida em fadiga que assume que todo componente industrial possui imperfeições ou trincas iniciais (seja pelo processo de fabricação ou pelo uso continuado). Diferente dos métodos tradicionais de fadiga, a MFLE permite simular a velocidade de propagação dessas trincas sob carregamento, determinando o tempo restante de vida útil até que ocorra uma falha crítica.
6. Por que não foi possível modificar a geometria das travessas que já estavam em operação?
As análises constataram a inviabilidade de alterar a geometria das travessas existentes devido à limitação física de acesso ao seu interior, onde ficam localizadas as nervuras internas afetadas pelas trincas.
7. Quais foram os resultados e soluções propostas pela Kot Engenharia?
Como o retrabalho nas peças antigas era inviável, as otimizações geométricas foram direcionadas para o projeto de novas travessas a serem adquiridas pelo cliente. As novas simulações em elementos finitos confirmaram que o redesenho proposto reduziu significativamente os níveis de tensão nas regiões críticas, garantindo maior durabilidade e integridade estrutural ao truque ferroviário.
References:
[1] Rail Transport in Brazil, Percília Eliane, [n.p.]. Available at: https://brasilescola.uol.com.br/brasil/transporte-ferroviario-brasileiro.htm
[2] Kot Engenharia Collection.


